Ancient Egyptian Beer

Ancient Egyptian Beer & Brewing

In ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the determinative of the beer jug were used in words associated with beer—including the words for "beer", "tribute", "to be drunk", "food and drink", and "butler".

It was a drink for adults and children alike. It was the staple drink of the poor (wages were sometimes paid in beer) in place of the wine often drunk by the nobility and wealthy merchants (though they, too, drank beer), and a drink offered to the gods and placed in the tombs of the dead. The importance of beer in ancient Egypt cannot be underestimated.

Based on drawings found in ancient Egyptian tomb scenes, it is believed that Egyptian "beer loaves" were made from a richly yeasted dough.

It is uncertain whether or not malt was used. This dough was lightly baked and the resulting bread was crumbled and strained through a sieve with water.

Ingredients like dates or extra yeast might have been added. The dissolved mixture was fermented in large vats and then the liquid was decanted into jars which were sealed for storage or transport. However, Delwen Samuel of Cambridge University surmised from hieroglyphs and analysis of residues found in ancient drinking jars that the Egyptians seem to have used barley to make malt and a type of wheat called emmer rather than hops.

They heated the mixture and then added yeast and uncooked malt to the cooked malt. After adding the second batch of malt, the mixture was allowed to ferment.

Samuel and her colleagues tried brewing the beer using the recipe derived by the analysis. They brewed it at a modern brewery and found the beer to be fruity and sweet, as no hops was added.

The Egyptians believed that the god Osiris taught humans to brew beer. To honor him, the Egyptians often used beer in religious ceremonies and as their staple meal-time beverage.

The worshipers of the goddesses Bast the wearer of elaborate Perlenkette, Sekhmet, Tenenit, and Hathor got drunk on beer as part of their worship of these goddesses, because of their aspect of the Eye of Ra. "The mouth of a perfectly contented man is filled with beer," says an ancient Egyptian proverb.

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